Unforgettable Adventures Await in Madagascar, the Fourth Largest Island in the World
Island paradise awaits in Madagascar, a breathtaking island nation nestled in the Indian Ocean. With a diverse landscape stretching 1580km north to south and 590km east to west, Madagascar captivates travelers seeking one-of-a-kind experiences.
Experience a World of Wonder in Madagascar
As the world’s fourth largest island, Madagascar boasts a unique ecosystem teeming with otherworldly flora and fauna. Explore the island’s:
- Lush rainforests teeming with exotic wildlife
- Sun-kissed beaches bordering the turquoise Indian Ocean
- Dramatic highlands offering panoramic vistas
- Unique cultural heritage reflected in vibrant traditions
Madagascar Tours for Every Traveler
Ortour Madagascar offers unforgettable tours designed to curate your dream vacation in Madagascar. Whether you seek relaxation on pristine beaches, exploration of ancient rainforests, or adventure in the heart of the highlands, Ortour Madagascar has the perfect itinerary for you.
History of Madagascar
The Malagasy had existed since 500. A Portuguese named Diégo Diaz arrived in Madagascar in 1500. Before foreigners, including Arabs, Portuguese, English, and French, arrived in Madagascar, the Malagasy lived in close-knit communities. They helped each other a lot in their daily life. The “Fihavanana” (family bond) was the motto of the society. Unfortunately, this disappeared during the Kingdoms period as social classes arose. The law of the strongest began to dominate, leading to struggles against repression from 1929 until 1947.
Here is a brief history: In 1895, the French arrived in Madagascar. They began to colonize the country in 1896, which spawned various insurgencies such as the uprising of the nationalists on March 29, 1929, killing a significant number of Malagasy citizens, and the movement of 1947. Following these revolts, Madagascar officially regained its independence on June 26, 1960, a very memorable date for the Malagasy people.
Democratic Republic of Madagascar
- From June 26, 1960, to October 11, 1972, Philibert Tsiranana was the president.
- From October 11, 1972, to February 5, 1975, Gabriel Ramanantsoa was the head of state.
- From February 5, 1975, to February 11, 1975, Richard Ratsimandrava was the head of state.
- From February 12, 1975, to June 15, 1975, Gilles Andriamahazo was president of the national commission on military leadership.
- From June 15, 1975, to December 30, 1975, Didier Ratsiraka was president of the Supreme Council of the Revolution.
- From January 4, 1976, to September 12, 1992, Didier Ratsiraka was the president of the Republic of Madagascar.
- From September 12, 1992, to March 27, 1993, Didier Ratsiraka was the president.
- From March 27, 1993, to September 5, 1996, Albert Zafy was the president.
- From February 9, 1997, to July 5, 2002, Didier Ratsiraka was president.
- From February 22, 2002, to March 17, 2009, Marc Ravalomanana was the president.
- From March 17, 2009, to January 25, 2014, Andry Rajoelina was the president of the High Authority of Transition.
- From January 25, 2014, to present, Hery Rajaonarimampianina is the president.
Climate
Madagascar has a tropical climate with two main seasons:
- Dry and cool from May to October.
- Hot and humid from November to April.
From late December to early April, it’s the hurricane season, especially in the North and East regions of the island. Precipitation varies significantly across regions. The western part of Madagascar is the hottest place in the country, receiving only 30 centimeters of rain per year. The southern part has a semi-arid climate with a dry season lasting up to nine months. The east is the wettest part, with an midrange of 355 cm of rain per year, characterized by hot and humid conditions, particularly in low-lying areas. Temperatures can drop to around 0°C in the highlands. In the North, the dry tropical climate has minimal rain, except in areas of higher altitude, such as around Mount Tsaratanana.
Population
The population of Madagascar is of Indonesian, Malaysian, Arabian, and African origin. Madagascar has over 22 million people, with 18 ethnic groups speaking only one language known as Malagasy. The people are also called ‘Malagasy’. Each ethnic group has its own way of life, habits, customs, cultures, and specific dances.
Fauna & Flora
Madagascar is an exotic and unique destination in the world, a paradise for naturalists. Most of the plants and animals found here do not exist anywhere else. Eighty percent of its plants are endemic. All mammals are endemic except those that have been introduced; half of the bird species in Madagascar are also endemic, as well as over 90% of the reptiles. Of the seven species of baobabs in the world, Madagascar is home to all of them, six of which are endemic. Lemurs such as the Indri attract tourists and are the most popular of all wildlife as they are found only in Madagascar. The island also has hundreds of medicinal plants used by local and foreign pharmaceutical industries; some of these plants can treat cancer and diabetes.
Religion
The Malagasy constitution does not prohibit the practice of religion. It grants each individual the freedom to worship their God. The dominant religion is Christianity: Catholic and Protestant. The Muslim and Orthodox faiths are also practiced; however, the majority of Malagasy people still believe in their ancestors, as they think ancestors have great influence on their lives and daily activities.
Languages
The first language is Malagasy, which belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian family. The French language plays a very important role in Madagascar because all administrative documents are written in French. It is widespread in schools, businesses, and communities. English has become popular. The national referendum on April 4, 2007, confirmed that the official languages are Malagasy, French, and English.
Vaccination
No vaccination is required in Madagascar. Pills against malaria and anti-hepatitis injections are strongly recommended, as Madagascar is a country with a tropical climate where malaria is present, especially on the east coast. Despite this, Madagascar is not a high-risk area. Additionally, you must protect yourself against mosquito bites by wearing clothes that cover your whole body, using mosquito nets in rooms, applying mosquito repellent, and taking prescribed tablets from the day before departure until the day of return.
The Political Regime
The government is a multi-party republican system with a parliament and a senate. The President, Hery Rajaonarimampianina, was elected in 2014. The Prime Minister, Jean Omer Beriziky, has been in office since 2011. Madagascar is governed by the 2010 Constitution. The President, considered the head of state, is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term. The government is headed by a Prime Minister appointed by the President. The parliament consists of the Senate (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house). Two-thirds of the senators are elected by the regional assemblies, while the others are appointed by the President. Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal suffrage. All legislators have a five-year term. Administratively, Madagascar is divided into 22 regions.
Economy
Madagascar’s economy is mainly export-based. However, tourism plays an important role in the economic development of the country, particularly in terms of sustainable development. Tourism also provides a significant source of income, creating many jobs for young people, especially in local communities. Madagascar is one of the islands that export large quantities of products such as coffee, vanilla, cocoa, ylang-ylang, lychee, cloves, and pepper.
Industrial production in Madagascar includes cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane. The country has many industries, including textile, sugar, and beer, notably THB (Three Horses Beer). In the mining industry, Madagascar is rich in precious stones like sapphire, blue beryl, and ruby, as well as chrome, graphite, mica, and Ilmenite (thin black sand). In a few years, Madagascar is expected to be among the major producers of cobalt and nickel in the world.
Malagasy Culture
Ancestor worship is central to Malagasy culture. The complex origins of the Malagasy people have created diverse cultural functions. Despite various ethnic and clan distinctions, the country shares a common language and a widespread belief in the power of departed ancestors, known as Razana. Traditional beliefs include the existence of a single, omnipresent, and omnipotent God named Andriamanitra or Andriananahary (Lord Creator), but the worship of ancestors is equally significant.
Ancestor worship is seen as a celebration of the “science of life,” where the dead are considered powerful guardians of life on earth, both physically and spiritually. The ancestor retains individuality and family ties, and their power is manifested in political, cultural, and medical spheres, or by a community of “sacred orders.” Violations of ancestor worship can result in misfortunes such as accidents or diseases, believed to be consequences of breaking the fady (taboo).
Before significant events like building a house or canoe, weddings, or exams, the Razana are consulted. Animals (chickens, zebus) or offerings (rum, honey) are sacrificed in their honor. For example, when Air Madagascar launched its Boeing 747 in 1979, a zebu sacrifice was made to ensure the aircraft’s longevity and the safety of its passengers.
Death in Traditional Malagasy Religion
Death in the traditional Malagasy religion signifies the transition of a person to a higher status known as “Razana” (ancestor). The Razana preside over a new world, both feared and honored by the living. Three significant ceremonies accompany death: burial, Famadihana (exhumation or turning of the bones), and sacrifice. These ceremonies vary by region.
Funerals
Funerals are rigorously observed by certain tribes. After the deceased has been washed, dressed, and wrapped in a cloth called “Lamba Mena” (silk shroud), they may be exposed for some time before burial. Then, they are placed in a coffin and taken to the grave.
Rites in Mahafaly and Antandroy Regions
During funerals in Mahafaly and Antandroy regions, the coffin is shaken vigorously by a group of men carrying it on their shoulders. Men dance while women clap their hands, and some men brandish spears. After the burial, a monument is erected in memory of the deceased. The ceremony includes the sacrifice of one or more zebus, often lasting several days with vigils, songs, and dances. The celebration concludes with a feast where the meat is shared among attendees. The scale of the festival reflects the deceased’s wealth, sometimes involving the sacrifice of dozens or even hundreds of zebus. Some tombs are adorned with hundreds of pairs of horns, signifying the deceased’s importance and affluence.
The Famadihana (Exhumation Ceremony)
There are several circumstances for the practice of Famadihana:
- Repatriation of the Deceased: If someone dies far from their native country, they are first buried where they lived. After a few years, their remains are transferred to the family or ancestral vault.
- Changing the Blankets of the Ancestors: This practice assumes that the ancestors need new blankets. This operation is carried out during the dry season for health reasons. In principle, the Famadihana ceremony takes place several years after death. The Mpanandro (astrologer or shaman) determines the date and time.
Here are the different stages of the exhumation ceremony:
- The body is taken out of the vault where it was. It is wrapped in a mat or tsihy and carried by two men and a group of family members: men, women, and children. Some sing, and others play musical instruments. People exchange jokes.
- Upon arrival at the family tomb, the body is wrapped in a Lamba Mena shroud (veil) coated with honey. Everyone offers something to receive the blessing of the ancestors, such as tobacco, rice, or alcohol.
- Before placing the body back in its place, it is customary to walk around the grave seven times.
- The entire ceremony takes place in an atmosphere of celebration, joy, music, songs, and rhythms. A speech in memory of the living and the dead closes the ceremony.
Malagasy struggle
Existing since the 16th century, the so-called “Ringa” (wrestling) is a traditional Malagasy sport practiced in the south. This fight is mainly performed during holidays, ceremonies (such as exhumation and circumcision), or on the day of the zebu market. It is a moment when young boys prove their maturity and ability to take on responsibilities. The objective of this fist fight is to knock the opponent to the ground with a short series of blows. The secret techniques are passed from father to son. Less brutal than boxing, it requires cunning, agility, speed, and flexibility. Ringa is not only a sport but also a method of educating young people and a defense against cattle rustlers (Dahalo). The zebu symbolizes power and wealth.
Diamanga is another traditional sport practiced in mountainous regions. The Merina tribe has their own style called Diamanga “Daka”, which means kick. In royal times, Diamanga was performed in a place called “lembalemba” (an arena). It is based on observing the various defense movements of animals, especially zebus, requiring vigilance and agility from the adversary. The educational value of Diamanga serves master hunters well.
Malagasy music
Music is an integral part of Malagasy culture. It is always present, whether for family celebrations, community events (such as weddings and dances), or during religious and traditional ceremonies (like mass, exhumation, “tromba”, and circumcision). Music prolongs the social and cultural life of the community.
In the southwest of the island, villagers gather and improvise with local instruments such as the “marovany” (a type of Malagasy xylophone), the Antranatrana, or Korintsana (both percussion instruments). In the highlands, the “Hira Gasy” is a traditional song focusing on morality and proverbs, accompanied by wind instruments and a type of drum called the Aponga.
In rural areas, you may discover musical instruments that are copies of electric guitars, called “kabôsy”, carved from local wood. Additionally, in the south of the country, “kilalaka” is very popular. It is both music and a rhythmic dance performed by the “dahalo” (cattle/zebu thieves) to erase their tracks.
Malagasy Musicians and Artists
Jaojoby: A specialist in Salegy and its derivatives, such as Malessa and Baœjy. This warm and upbeat music is played mainly on the west and north coasts of Madagascar.
Rossy, Pierrot Matatana, Da-Tokotry, Dahlia: Singers specializing in Malagasy folk songs, linking traditional and modern influences.
Mahaleo, D’Gary, Eric Manana, Njakatiana: Giants of Madagascar folk songs.
Bodo, Poppy, Samoela, Marion, Ambondrona: Known for high-plateau rhythms.
Justin Vali: Resides in France, using the valiha, a traditional bamboo instrument.
Rhythms of happy music: Jerry Marcos, Tafita, Tsiliva, Onja, Black Nadia, etc.
Antaimoro Paper
Antaimoro paper is a centuries-old process invented by the first Arab migrants to transcribe their precious Koran, which was damaged by crossing the sea. Currently, this Antaimoro paper, rediscovered by Pierre Matthieu who created a workshop in Ambalavao, has a worldwide reputation and is among the most beautiful Malagasy professions.
The paper is made from the pulp of the wild mulberry called AVOHA (scientific name: Bosqueia danguyana), which grows along the eastern coast of Madagascar. Made entirely by hand and dried during the day, the paper is white, relatively thick, and sometimes encrusted with very decorative dried flowers. It is used in the manufacture of envelopes, lampshades, handbags, and baskets.
Zafimaniry Art
The expertise of the Zafimaniry was inscribed on the UNESCO cultural heritage list in 2008. The Betsileo Zafimaniry ethnic subgroup lives in the forest, southeast of Ambositra. They use wood in daily life to make furniture, utensils, and their own houses with windows and doors carved with intricate geometric patterns of Indonesian or Malagasy origin.
Antoetra, the administrative capital (district) of the Zafimaniry, is accessible only on foot. To see the craftsmen at work, people from Ambohimanjaka can guide visitors. To get there, take the road north from Imerin’Imady to Ambositra, then take the 40 km track to reach the large village of Ambohimitombo. From there, it is a 1.5-hour walk to reach Ambohimanjaka.
Discover Fanorona: A Strategic Game Rooted in Malagasy Tradition
Fanorona is a strategic game with deep cultural roots in Madagascar, serving as both a war strategy and a divination method. Originating from the imagination of Andriantompokoindrindra in 1600, Prince of Ambohimalaza, it bears resemblance to Alquerque, a game adapted by Malagasy from Arab traders in the 1300s. The game combines elements from ancient Egypt’s Alquerque, dating back to 1000 BC, and has left its mark in the Antananarivo region’s rock carvings, notably in Alasora and Ambohimanga, dating between 1500 and 1600.
Savika: Traditional Sport of Betsileo
Savika represents the traditional sports of the Betsileo people in Amoron’i Mania (Ambositra). It involves a unique form of bare-handed zebu wrestling, where participants grasp the hump or horns of the zebu. The objective is not to harm or kill the animal but to demonstrate the wrestler’s prowess and strength.
By focusing on these key Malagasy traditions, Ortour Madagascar showcases the rich cultural heritage of the island, offering travelers unique insights into its history and customs.
Malagasy Drinks
Discover a unique taste of Madagascar with its refreshing and local beverages.
- Ranon’ampango (Rice Water): This traditional drink is made by boiling leftover rice water, known for its dehydration and diarrhea relief properties. Safe for consumption, it’s a staple in Malagasy households.
- Trembo (Palm Wine): Found in coastal villages, Trembo is a palm wine obtained by fermenting sap collected from young coconuts.
- Toaka Gasy (Malagasy Rum): Be cautious with Toaka Gasy, a strong local spirit often distilled from sugarcane. Due to unregulated production, alcohol content can reach dangerous levels (up to 75%).
- Betsabetsa: This unique beverage, primarily found on the east coast, is made from fruits and bark and sold in small shops.
- Rum: Madagascar offers a variety of rums, from local brands like Turbo 2 and Boom Boom to premium options like Dzamandzar and Port Saint-Louis.
- Wine: Vineyards in Madagascar, particularly the Betsileo region (around Ambalavao), are producing quality wines. Explore red, rosé, and white varieties like Lazan’ny Betsileo and Clos Malaza.
- THB (Three Horses Beer): The award-winning THB, Madagascar’s most popular beer, is a refreshing choice after a day of exploring.
Experience the flavors of Madagascar with Ortour Madagascar. We’ll guide you through the best places to try these local drinks and many more!
What do Malagasy People eat ?
In Madagascar, rice is indeed a staple food, forming the basis of most meals. Malagasy cuisine reflects a blend of flavors influenced by the island’s diverse history and geography. Here are some typical dishes enjoyed by the Malagasy people:
- Romazava: Often considered the national dish, romazava is a clear broth made with various green leafy vegetables and sometimes meat (such as chicken or pork). It is commonly served with rice.
- Ravitoto: This dish consists of pounded cassava leaves cooked with pork or beef, and sometimes coconut milk, especially in coastal regions. Pork is particularly favored in the preparation of ravitoto.
- Akoho sy voanio: A traditional Malagasy chicken dish cooked with onions, tomatoes, and ground peanuts, served with rice.
- Koba: A popular Malagasy snack or dessert made from ground peanuts, sugar, and rice flour, wrapped in banana leaves and steamed.
- Lasary: This refers to various pickled vegetables or fruits served as a side dish with rice and other main dishes.
- Mofo gasy: Malagasy bread or pastries, which come in various forms and can be sweet or savory.
- Seafood dishes: Given Madagascar’s coastal location, seafood such as fish and shellfish are also prominent in coastal regions, often prepared with local spices and coconut milk.
- Fruits: Madagascar is known for its exotic fruits like lychees, mangoes, papayas, and pineapples, which are enjoyed fresh or as part of desserts.
Malagasy cuisine emphasizes fresh ingredients, locally sourced vegetables, and a variety of flavors influenced by the island’s cultural diversity. Each region of Madagascar may have its own specialties and variations of these dishes, reflecting local ingredients and traditions.
Mixed products in the culinary arts…
On the Highlands.
Nymph thighs which can reach the size of a chicken thigh, trout, crayfish, foie gras. The fruits are peaches, apricots, plums, grapes, pears, apples, and strawberries. On the coast.
Seafood, such as oysters, lobsters, mangrove crabs, shrimps, fish and sea urchins. Tropical fruits, namely mangoes, papayas, passion fruits, apples, lychees, bananas, etc.
